Estimation of water activities in multi-component electrolyte solutions.

The structure of water and electrolyte solutions.

Intermolecular forces tend to organize water molecules into a tetrahedral lattice, conferring "crystalline" properties on the liquid. The simple ions, such as Na+, K+, and Cl-, have dinmensions which are of the same order as the water nmolecule. Therefore, in aqueous solution, ions can substitute for water molecules in the water lattice. However, because the force between ion and water molecule...

Prediction of Surface Tension in Single and Mixed Electrolyte Solutions

Oral rehydration solutions and electrolyte content of water.

exhibit two peaks; one at 265 nm, consistent with DNA absorption, and the second at 450 nm. Bilirubin absorbs maximally between 420 to 480 nm-the blue range. Despite such evidence, few clinically adverse side effects have been reported. Ennever et al3 found the most effective wavelength for the production of 4Z 15E bilirubin to be 390 nm with an overall effective band from 350 to 470 nm. But ot...

An Evaluation of Four Electrolyte Models for the Prediction of Thermodynamic Properties of Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions

In this work, the performance of four electrolyte models for prediction the osmotic and activity coefficients of different aqueous salt solutions at 298 K, atmospheric pressure and in a wide range of concentrations are evaluated. In two of these models, (electrolyte Non-Random Two-Liquid e-NRTL and Mean Spherical Approximation-Non-Random Two-Liquid MSA-NRTL), association between ions of opposit...

Application of Water for Synthesis of Cyclopentadienes via Multi-component Reactions of N-methyl imidazole

A water-accelerated multi-component synthesis of organic target molecules was used as a key method for the preparation of cyclopentadiene derivatives. The three-component condensation reactions of primary amines with alkyl propiolates in the presence of N-methylimidazole in water at room temperature were developed as efficient and clean green synthetic procedures for the high-yielding preparati...